Moving Average

When sensor data jitters, the first reaction is often: add a filter.

But filtering is not one button. Moving average, first-order low-pass, and median filtering can all make data look more stable, but they handle different problems and introduce different delays.

A useful first model is:

Random small jitter: moving average is common
Smooth tracking: first-order low-pass is common
Isolated spikes: median filtering is common

This is not a complete DSP taxonomy, but it is enough for many IoT sensor designs.