Why Actuator Saturation Distorts Control
A common closed-loop failure is easy to miss: the controller computes a larger output, but the actuator cannot produce it.
The heater is already at 100% power, but temperature still does not rise. The motor drive is current-limited, but speed cannot catch up. The valve is fully open, but pressure is still low. The pump is at full speed, but the level still changes too slowly.
In code, the controller is still trying. In the physical system, the output is already at its limit.
Read More