HKDF

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How Key Exchange, KDF, and Randomness Create Session Keys

6 minute

When a device connects to a server for the first time, they usually do not already share a session key. They need to agree on a symmetric key over an open network.

This is often compressed into: “Use ECDH to compute a key.”

That skips two important boundaries. ECDH/X25519 produces a shared secret, not the final key to feed into AES-GCM. And the whole path depends on randomness and context binding.

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